Saksagan
Purpose of Manuel’s Wall
The wall built by Emperor Manuel Comnenus was constructed to strengthen the defenses of the Palace of Blachernae, which had become the preferred residence...
Joining Old and New Walls
If the western spur of the Sixth Hill was already protected by walls when the Theodosian Walls were built (in the early 5th century),...
Confusion About the City’s Old Defenses
One of the biggest problems with the idea that the walls around the western spur of the Sixth Hill were simply part of the...
Loss of Language Among Greeks and Armenians
Many Greeks and Armenians in Turkey have lost their native languages. This is because they were forbidden from speaking them. Over time, without practice,...
The Armenians and Their Struggles in Constantinople
At one point, the Armenians were a key part of the business community in Constantinople. However, after the massacres of 1896, when at least...
A City of Constant Apprehension
Life in Constantinople is marked by constant fear and apprehension. The people live in a vague dread of danger, and this feeling is justified,...
Renewed Activity of the Macedonian Committee
Despite past difficulties, the Macedonian Committee has renewed its efforts and is actively preparing for a possible uprising. In Bulgaria, their revolutionary work is...
Early Problems in the Macedonian Committee
Until 1901, some leaders of the Macedonian Committee were dishonest and caused the committee to lose respect. The former president, Boris Sarafoff, was known...
Failure of the Treaty of Berlin
Not a single rule in the Treaty of Berlin has been truly followed by the Turkish authorities. Although the treaty demanded many reforms, none...
Abdul Hamid’s Use of Racial Divisions
Sofia, December 7th, 1914
Fifth Letter: Terms of Settlement and Bulgarian Demands
In his rule, Abdul Hamid took full advantage of the racial divisions between different...
