The English Archers Gain Advantage
On the battlefield, the English archers played a decisive role. Their arrows flew so thickly that the French soldiers did not know which direction...
Chaos in the French Marshals’ Battle
As the battle unfolded, the French marshals’ forces faced serious difficulties. Many of their horses panicked under the hail of arrows, falling on their...
Sir James Audley and the Courage of the English Knights
Sir James Audley was known as a wise and valiant knight, respected by all in the English army. The day before the battle, much...
Purpose of Manuel’s Wall
The wall built by Emperor Manuel Comnenus was constructed to strengthen the defenses of the Palace of Blachernae, which had become the preferred residence...
Joining Old and New Walls
If the western spur of the Sixth Hill was already protected by walls when the Theodosian Walls were built (in the early 5th century),...
Confusion About the City’s Old Defenses
One of the biggest problems with the idea that the walls around the western spur of the Sixth Hill were simply part of the...
